Hnc health and social care Essay

in that location ar many theories that tend to explain different aspects in human instruction. gibe to Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006, these are system of effronterys based on special(a) information or have sex guidege, devised to analyze, predict, or early(a)wise explain the nature or style of a specified set of phenomena. In line with the definition, theories hang on as conjectures explaining sure occurrences, but never will it attain the causal agent earned by laws and principles as universal truths.In victimizational Psychology, theories govern the existence of human development. Considering the reference stated earlier, does it imply that the learning gained in studying this orbit is non reliable? Not at all.In medicine, when a person developed sickness, doctors try to find its root cause. There are many possible reactions as to how and why it was acquired, might be through his/her familys history, his/her behaviorstyle and his/her environment. If thats the situat ion, would that person hesitate to assay wellness? Likewise, develop psychical theories offer several answers which unlock the depths of human behavior by studying the causalities of different experiences throughout the life span of a person.It butt joint be quoted from Maurice Merleau-Ponty that every object is the mirror of all opposite objects. Correspondingly, develop cordial theories are root in different schools of thoughts such as Behaviorism, Gestalt, Humanism, Cognitivism and Psychoanalysis. Using it as their main ingredient, these schools of thoughts presented development in various ship canal thus, in different perspectives.Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg are some of theorists who ventured in the correction of Psychology, specifically in human development. Consequently, using Thomass stock(a) of judgment, this paper aims to weigh, compare and evaluate the assumptions and claims of these proponents.Piaget, a cognitivist and pioneer of the Cognitive De velopment Theory, foc utilise on the cognitive aspect of human development. He gave a detailedpicture of how thinking is worked among individuals, concluding that the difference in the midst of adults and childrens thinking is qualitative and not quantitative. He assert that development occurs in distinct, measurable, and observable gun bucks. Additionally, he made an assumption that developmental reaping is independent of experience and based on a universal char croperistic. Piagets hypothesis assumes that development is unidirectional with all children r to each oneing each stage at approximately at the same age.Kohlberg, an Ameican psychologist, tried to expand the speculation of righteousness that Piaget gave briefly. He assumes that there are 3 levels of morality that each individual faces Preconventional, Conventional, Post Conventional that are then subdivided in stages. According to him, children in middle childhood, begin to perceive themselves as responsible to di fferents because of the immenseness of getting a want and of being a good citizen.They seek to act appropriately because people matter to them, not just to avoid punishment. Childrens developing psychological under stick uping heightens their sensitivity to human needs and contributes to empathy for others. Whereas a preschooler whitethorn sympathize with another but not know what to do, older children are more likely to assist a class fellow who is attacked by a bully or to raise money to help children in a developing country.Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development traces its grow to Freuds Psychosexual Theory. He believes that his theory would patch what Freud was unable of discussing. He studied groups of Native American children to help formulate his theories. These studies enabled him to cor have-to doe with personality growth with parental and societal values. His first book, Childhood and Society (1950), became a classic in the field. As he continued his clinical swe ar out with young people, Erikson developed the concept of the identity crisis, an inevitable conflict that accompanies the growth of a sense of identity in late adolescence.Using case studies that were in descriptive methods, Piaget strengthened his flora to cite reliable facts to the highest degree the real world in children. It can be reflected upon his presentation of the mental growthfrom sensorimotor stage, to preoperational stage, then to concreteoperational stage and lastly, to dinner dress operational stage where several features and characteristics were keenly monitored and recorded.In Kohlbergs theory of moralistic Development, he emphasized what could be the ongoing state of morality that a person has if he/she is in that age. In the last legal action performed, it was name that the preconventional children depends their action to the possible outcome, might be, if there would be a punishment or a reward. This proves that the theory is reliable.Erikson different f rom any other theorists, he comprehensively investigated upon the development of an child to the old age. These are the cartel vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, indecorum vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Absorption and lastly Integrity vs. Despair. His theory explains that in every stage, a positive or a negative attitude might be developed in an individual. When used to local setting as mainframe, the resultant can also be the same, though there is inevitable variation among personalities.Most of their assumptions in development of children are simple, very tangible. As to Piagets findings regarding the concept of conservation, egocentrism, schema formation and some other features he had recorded, applying it in the local setting will be easy. Differently from Freud, there is no hidden element, (i.e., the id,) that would entail controversy. As to Kohlberg, his works were anchored as that of P iagets, therefore his works were also simple and can be clearly understandable. Erikson although, theory is psychoanalytically founded, showed limpidity among his theory as well as Kohlberg. Their theories enable many to relate easily.However, with a belief that development is unidirectional and that the biological development drives the nominal head from one cognitive stage to the next, Piaget showed no proof that the thinking process expressed on a former stage would predict the intuition in the latter stage and vice versa. But perhaps, the thought of having mental growth as universal to every individual with respect to the stages that Piaget constructed may tell whatthe next cognitive feature a person can express.In Kohlbergs theory, he assumed that one might not attain the next stage remaining to show manifestations of the former. His work doesnt predict what would happen in the future, actually, if a person would arrive or not arrive to the next level is already an uncertaint y.Different to Erikson, where he believed that the attitudes such as trust, initiative, intimacy and the like that had developed in a certain stage would have an effect in the future. For example, he asserted that if an individual has a positive outlook in life and maintains take to though facing unexpected events in life, that individual when he/she was an infant might had been taken good care of and had developed trust with the maternal person.Furthermore, many educators and parents base their strategies with Piagets perspective. In rearing a child, he contributed largely to the field of language and knowledge. In the development of language, his assumptions of Language accomplishment Device (LAD) as innate in infancy were widely appreciated. Therefore, educational implications were fleshed out from his theory considering what could be the best possible approach in enabling children to unleash their potentials. Regarding Kohlberg, his theory is widely used as rump on how to f ace moral dilemmas that occur in a life span of every individual, particularly in childs life. Eriksons stages of ritualization are also considered on how a person would handle decisions and priorities in life.As to the internal consistency in the theory, the mental characteristics and features manifesting on a specific stage and their gradual change are thoroughly explained. For example, the realness and animism, both occurring in the preoperational stage, he cleared out that their existence are inversely related. Consistency can also be inferred in the all in all theory. Even though he compared his work to Freuds and Spinozas, Piaget remained entire with the perception that he was holding. It was never mixed. These can also be detect to Kohlberg and Eriksons theories. Their terminologies, concepts and perception didnt shift.Several convincing ideas can be presented by Piaget to support his theory. In relation to the last activity performed by the class which was the observation of early childhood, he asserted that preoperational children display certain characteristics such as transductive reasoning, irreversibility, artificialism and centering. When tested, it was amazing to see that the findings gained by Piaget and the findings gained by the partitioning have great resemblance to each. Same thing happens in their findings, when Kohlberg was used as a mainframe.Despite this occurrence, some of Piagets ideas have been back up through more correlational and experimental methodologies, some portions of the theory when compared to other researches, give a result that the data from similar cross-sectional studies do not support the assertion that all individuals will automatically coin to the next cognitive stage as they biologically mature. Indeed, this implies an unproven assumption that is somehow disconfirmable. As to Kohlberg and Erikson, some of their finding doesnt match with the current researches done.As mentioned earlier, Piagets perception didn t only enrich the field of psychology but rather shared some insights in language, education and morality. His work is collaborative it can build another and it can retrace itself. Example of building another is Vygotskys Socio-cultural Theory and Kohlbergs Moral Development Theory. These two gained grounds in psychology by the strengths of Piaget. Vygotsky criticized Piagets assumptions and later on was able to make a theory and Kohlberg, because of aspiration in Piagets work, tried to expand some aspects that he found lacking in the Cognitive Development Theory. As to rebuilding itself, up until now, Neo-Piagetians continually improve the theory made by their lead proponent. Although rooted from anothers works, Erikson and Kohlberg established theories on their own that may stand coequal with the others. As of today, their works are being taught and learnt by many.Piaget led to forming a theory when he asked his two children to express their beliefs in a particular situation. S ince he is the founder ofCognitivism, his work possesses novelty. As long as it is in relation to cognition and comprehension, this theory may provide the answer about the different phenomena encountered by individuals in a certain point of time. This is also true in Kohlbergs and Eriksons theories as long as morality and psychosocial aspects of growth are concerned, their theories can provide the answer.