The Importance of School Uniforms

School Uniforms: They are definitely to be worn School uniforms have long been a topic of debate between those who believe the public school system should offer personal freedoms and those who believe it helps provide an appropriate environment for learning. There are many reasons uniforms can be helpful in enhancing the student's learning experience. It helps if you look at these dress codes as you would a uniform for work, as school is a child's work. While uniforms may be costly for parents, they save money in the future with trends changing, laundry, and students can focus on learning.So unlike trying to catch up with the different season styles, you could say that uniforms are a timeless investment. Some students may find it difficult to find an outfit to wear in the morning, particularly females. But when you have a school uniform, you are provided with a relatively easy selection of what to wear to school. Uniforms help to change the attitude of those wearing them. Unlike regu lar clothing choices, you are not likely to pick on someone wearing the exact same thing as yourself. Many schoolyard fights have begun with someone making fun of someone else regarding the clothing they are wearing.Dressing nicely also helps students to â€Å"live up to their clothing. † There is an innate sense of decorum when we dress for success. People tend to act differently depending on the clothing they are wearing. By creating a uniform specifically designed for attending school, the attitude falls in line. When those clothes are on, it becomes as regular as putting on pajamas, so a brain knows it is time to focus and learn. If a student could choose their own apparel, could you even imagine the amount of laundry one’s parents would have to do?Consider this; a new pair of under garments, a shirt or blouse, shorts or jeans, possibly a jumper, some socks, and even some extra clothes for recreational activities, multiplied by every day of the week, and add in eve ryone else’s clothes! A lot of people have two, three or even four children so as you could imagine, this would be extremely unnecessary. School uniforms have the potential to save parents money on clothing. Plain uniform clothing is less expensive than the brands that middle and high school students like to wear. Furthermore, because there is no variety in a chool uniform, children who wear them need fewer outfits in their wardrobes. Having a uniform is popular in secondary and intermediate schools. Some people believe that primary schools should be included, and I agree completely. As mentioned before, kids and teenagers go through a lot of clothing. But could you imagine a little boy running around the playground ripping his new clothes? I believe that having a uniform would help teach children to respect their belongings. It also saves money down the track with trends changing constantly, and this can prove to be very costly for parents.Having a compulsory uniform represe nts the school as being tidy and disciplined, whereas mufti would give the impression of low standards. Uniforms should definitely be in schools all over New Zealand. They save time in the morning deciding what to wear and students can concentrate on the learning, instead of trying to impress others. They do not form as many problems with students and teachers do not have to deal with bullying or other negative comments. Uniforms are an all-around money and time saver. While some uniforms are not attractive they give the wearer a sense of equality. By Niki

Ehe characteristics of a person Essay

It is true that the characteristics of a person may determine his or her success in corporate America. But the corporate world operates through the principles of economics: supply, demand and competition. This summarizes how a person’s success in the corporate world as determined by his or her characteristics is also determined by the principles of economics. There is no doubt that corporations exist to do service to others, but most of the time, if not all the time, this is only a secondary aim. Corporations admit it or not, are of course created to bring profit for their owner/s. The purpose of capital is to produce more capital. Corporations are put up to grow an economy. Owners of corporations put up their enterprise with capital gains in mind. While being motivated by sheer altruism is well and good, this may prove to be dangerous for any business and in the long-run to the consumers themselves, without the support of third-parties. Simple economic theories support that businesses, if not motivated by any economic incentives would be ruinous to itself (because it won’t be able to support itself) and to others (because the business wouldn’t be able to provide quality service). Thus, it is only expected that owners of corporations are characterized as being driven, and motivated by self-interest (corporate interest) more than being motivated by service to others. Corporations are viewed in light of an atmosphere of competition. That a company provides quality service is only secondary, done only as a means to further business interests. After all, the corporation is not expected to succeed if it continues to offer poor quality products or services; Demand decreases as consumers flock to rival firms, and they are expected to reduce their prices, therefore reducing their profits. This is the corporate world—full of self-driven individuals, aware of the principle of survival and motivated by economic incentives. Whether one likes it or not, the natural tendency of people to become entangled in the principles of economics propagates a dog-eat-dog world wherein the meek struggles and the ruthless survives. When everyone is expected to be ruthless in the corporate America, how is it possible for someone to succeed if such person himself is not as ruthless or better yet, more ruthless? Such person will be easily crushed. How is someone to succeed if such person is so limited by his averseness to risks? Opportunities and growth unfortunately, do not come without risks. Therefore, a person who is incapable of taking risks and cannot be ruthless when situations call for it cannot be expected to succeed in the business world that apparently requires such characteristics in order to just survive. However, ruthlessness, tough-mindedness and the ability to take risks do not equate to dishonesty, lack of ethics, and unscrupulousness—characteristics of a businessman as portrayed by media. The latter characteristics are not requisites of survival. A person may be both ruthless and tough-minded while still remaining virtuous. In other words, success may come even without being dishonest, unethical or unscrupulous. In fact, the latter characteristics may even lead to the demise of a corporation. People, after all, should not be expected to be incapable of seeing behind any act of unscrupulousness. Once detected, the fall of the business is likely to follow as the law of demand and supply again, takes over.

Incorporating Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Incorporating Theory - Essay Example Furthermore, it would minimize risks of associated legal liability. Besides, it would ensure economic valuation of care to the patient, the family and the care facility. In view of this, the Change Theory Fall Model would offer a theoretical framework for the implementation of the proposed change. Despite the fact that there has been conflicting evidence in fall prevention programs strategies in long-term care facilities, there are; however, practical evidence-based programs that can be used in the prevention of patient falls (Simmons, 2012). Nevertheless, in order for these implementation strategies to be effectively employed, there has to be a significant behavioral change at the organizational level. This trickles down from key stakeholders such as the facility administration, the patient, and the patient’s family and health care staff. Herdman, Schubert and Tusa (2011), posit that the Change Theory Fall Model would ensure behavioral changes in the key stakeholders of healt hcare delivery that would ultimately result into a reduction in the prevalence and incidence of patient falls. The Change Theory Fall Model is a conceptual framework that was developed by Advanced Practice Nurse as a modification of Kotter and Cohen’s Change Theory (Frieson, Gargis , Frith, & Wagner, 2013). Herdman, Schubert and Tusa (2011), opine that in order for an organization to achieve an effective outcome, synergy is essential through a combination of interventions. In lieu of this, the proposed change is a multivariate of strategies with the aim of reducing the prevalence and incidence of patient falls. The Change Theory Fall Model is a type of Lewin’s Change Management Model. Its major components entail: preparing the facility to accept the changes required, ensuring stakeholders begin to act in a manner showing support to the proposed solution and ensuring the changes are institutionalized and individualized. In retrospect, the proposed change

A response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A response - Essay Example According to Braun, Justin possessed innate superman’s powers. This is because he could sing, dance and play instruments flawlessly. (Widdicombe 1). As Beibers’ manager, he was able to re-live his childhood dream of becoming a different kind of a superhero (Widdicombe 1) . It is imperative to note that he took his time to study the careers of influential people such as David Geffen who at one point worked in William Morris mailrooms but become a co-founder of the Dream Works. Marketing in this context is the strategies to gain and maintain publicity, fame and success as realized by Beiber and his manager. Their success shows how good marketing can turn over the outcomes of a project. Anything that Justin touches receives a ‘Midas’ touch because it is received positively by the public. In essence, there is nothing negative about Beiber in the context of this industry. Braun has received widespread recognition since the time when he discovered Justin Beiber on YouTube (Widdicombe 1) through his efforts; he made the first successful YouTube superstar (Widdicombe 1). His online influence and off-line marketability are flawlessly entangled. His YouTube channel has close to three billion views, while on Twitter, he acquires a new follower each second. One tweet from Justin can drive his supporters into performing stunning feats (Widdicombe 1). This shows how strong marketing skills can influence the celebrity status of an artist. Beibers position has realized remarkable following that is capable of influencing the market trends of products such as perfumes or the awareness creation on major world issues. Today, his influence as a global brand eclipses his status as an artist. Nonetheless, he still was new songs that his fans are waiting for anxiously. Beibers unprecedented growth has also propelled Braun’s career as he has secured successful

When Worlds Collide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

When Worlds Collide - Essay Example Humans, however, could not help intervene in the course of nature and hence, assist in migration just as when the so-called Torreya Guardians plant Torreya seeds in spots of cooler region from North Carolina to New York. Contemplating upon the impact of climate change, Fox expressed how observations become inclined to thoughts of extinctions and die-offs so that ‘transplantation’ by men, being the remedy accounted for, occurs to be a significant challenge among ecologists. While for ecologist Mark Schwartz, it appears inevitable to rescue some species by assisting their migration, other ecologists realize certain potential threats in this approach. Plant ecologist Richard Primack was bound to conclude that â€Å"our efforts to introduce species will fail† on the basis of Minot Pratt’s gardening with 60 plant species out of which merely 2 new arrivals survived. On the other hand, ecologist Guy Midgley studied 6,000 endemic species where he discovered that protea, a flowering plant, readily interbreed then brought a great deal of critical thinking about the bothersome evolution of new hybrid species which bear the likelihood of eliminating the parent species being saved. Considering, nevertheless, that climate change is allowed to have sole control of rearranging our ecosystems, it would be like as Charles Darwin imagined to be an ‘orderly affair’ between the movement of species and the change in climate it responds to. When t his takes place, according to Fox, no-analog communities or species living in odd combinations develop – a proven situation from analysis of species originating from the last glacial retreat in the past 10,000 to 17,000 years. At this stage, Fox figured that â€Å"it is one thing to move a few charismatic species but quite another to move every anonymous species† that human-assisted migration ought to be customized to meet such concern thus.

Two listed companies on the HK stock exchange to evaluate how the Essay

Two listed companies on the HK stock exchange to evaluate how the companies report - Essay Example The company has reported the turnover from various geographical locations. The highest turnover has been reported for Mainland China. Other than regional turnover the operating profit or loss from the various countries has also been reported. Other than geographical reporting the company has also disclosed revenue from various operations like retail & distribution; export & licensing; manufacturing and inter-segment sales. The turnover and profit position of the company from the various brands like Giordano & Giordano Junior, Giordano Concepts, Giordano Ladies etc. have also been disclosed. As per the revised accounting norms the company also has to make disclosures about segment assets and segment liabilities in the annual reports (Deloitte, 22010). Based on this the Group has disclosed about the deferred tax assets and non-current assets in Mainland China and Hong Kong. The company has also reported about segment assets position in other locations like Taiwan, Australia, Singapore, etc. According to the revised accounting norms a company must also disclose about the income earned by it from its product and services. In the annual reports the Group has reported about the turnover, operating profit and number of outlets of the various brands in the market. As per IFRS8 the company must also disclose about the various liabilities values of the various segments in its annual report. The revised standard requires interest income to be reported separately from an interest expense for each segment. However, in the annual report of Giordano the company has not made any such disclosures about interest expense and income of its segment. IFRS 8 also requires the company to report segment information like investment in the form of joint ventures and associations as well as any additions to assets like non-current assets and deferred tax assets, assets of the employees’ post-employment etc. Giordano has not made any disclosures about segment liabilities. The compan y has not made any disclosures about the joint ventures and association of its segments in the various locations (Giordano International Limited, 2009). Operating Segments disclosure in Bossini In the annual reports for the financial year 2009 Bossini has not followed the HFKRS 8 Operating Segments (IFRS 8). The company has presented its segment information with respect to result and revenue. As the Group derives most of its revenue from distribution and retailing of garments it has not presented a separate analysis relating to its business segments in the annual report. The company has reported about the revenue and results from various geographical segments like Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan etc. However there are no disclosures about interest income and profitability of each of its segment. The company has reported about the segment assets and segment liabilities in its annual report. The amount of investment relating to the various segments has also been reported. The amount of depreciation relating to the various segments has also been disclosed. The Group has separately disclosed the revenue earned by it from retailing & distribution of garments and from services related to its rendering. Other than this the company has n

Sustainable marketing Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable marketing Report - Assignment Example The project also highlights about the green marketing process and the present issues which are faced by organisation about maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Apart from this an organisation has been chosen to have an insight of their environmental policy and marketing mix strategy which they have undertaken. In this report Hewlett Packard or what is popularly known as HP is chosen to conduct the research. Table of Contents Part I: Theory 4 Introduction 4 Context and Rational 5 Principles and Values 5 Challenges in the 21st century 6 Towards Sustainable marketing 7 Framework 9 Evaluation of Sustainable marketing 10 Part II: Application 10 Industry analysis 11 Current approach and strategy 12 Present Issues 14 Evaluation of HP’s marketing mix 14 Summary 16 Reference 16 Part I: Theory Introduction Over the last few decades marketing topics have been very much dynamic and vibrant. Among them Sustainable marketing stood out as one of the most valuable and necess ary forms of marketing (Ottman, 2011, p.xi). Sustainable marketing is a process of marketing which aligns the inner organisation process and systematize the using up of resources which creates values for the stakeholders and also helps in enriching the natural and social environment. Sustainable marketing comes into action when an organisation understands that they operate with availability of limited resources and holds the responsibility of the future in preserving the natural resources. This process helps a firm in making continuous development of the social environment and restores the natural environment in which the organisation exists. It commits a firm in reducing the discharge of hazardous waste materials into the social and natural environment. Some of the examples that are generally undertaken by organisations in their operational exertion include creation of green plants, less use of virgin raw materials and more use of recycled materials. Apart from these they also try to achieve a sound waste management strategy (Basile, Hershauer & Mcnall, 2011, p.197-198). A lack of properly defined goal for organisational, environmental and societal environments creates a distraction in the achievement of successful sustainable marketing. Green marketing is a subset of sustainable marketing. Green marketing refers to everything from greening the product development process to the greening of advertisement campaigns. Greening of product and its development process is about using less finite resources and to look after fewer emissions of hazardous elements in the environment. Keeping all the factors in mind the last responsibility is to develop a green product. A green product can be stated as a product which can be recycled easily and does not degrades the environment. A green product can have many other qualities such as it saves water, able to reduce the green house effect, control on toxic elements, capacity to clean the indoor air. The final task comes in t he form of green marketing which involves usage of electronic media to promote the product rather than going for print media. The main objective is to look after less usage of paper. Some companies’ use taglines in their promotional campaigns such as ‘save paper’ ‘save electricity’. It has been observed that the companies which follows green marketing conducts their

Reading Comment and Question on The History of Communication Media by Assignment

Reading Comment and Question on The History of Communication Media by Friedrich Kittler - Assignment Example The main guideline to technological advancement in media is reduction and elimination of the need to meet in order to communicate (Kittler, n.d). Communication in the past was based on the capability to read and inscribe but with the latest technologies it relies on the application of computer skills  (Kittler, n.d). The quality of communication today is guided by the ability to employ the latest technologies in communication correctly. Advancements such as the move from the olden pictographs that were done on clay tablets to the current broadband communication clearly show the great improvement in media technology. All media tools have improved in terms of information collected, Storage capability and speed of transmission. Technology has made places connect, and the limitations of time and distance have been wiped out. Despite having landmark positive changes, the latest media are exposed to the threat of a limited shelf life due to its fragility. Pictographs that were produced over 5000 years ago remain intact while newspapers that were manufactured just a year ago have already crumbled (Winthrop-Young, 2011, p.77). Information stored in DVDs and cassettes is easily lost due to the vulnerability of such media tools. Despite offering many solutions, the latest technologies in media, therefore, pose a risk of destroying cultural heritage. Digital technologies produce information for instant, but one time use as opposed to olden methods that produced information to be used over

Equities and Fixed Income Investments Assignment

Equities and Fixed Income Investments - Assignment Example While the analysis of the free cash flow will indicate if the company enjoys an unobstructed flow of cash. The analysis of the free cash flow to equity will indicate if the company is in a position to service the equity holders after clearing all the expenses, reinvestment and repayment of debt. The analysis of the EBITDA indicates the cash flow from the operations (Hatten and Ruhland, 2005). The cash flow from the operations will indicate if able to optimize its operational performance. With the increase in the efficiency of the operations the cash flow of the firm will increase. Table 1: Tabulation of different ratios    2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Gearing ratio 0.95 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 EBITDA 492.2 469.8 497.7 507.4 451 FCFE N/A -86.8 -89.9 -376.6 -162.1 FCFF N/A 252,286.60 239,185.37 220,906.19 2,284,070.11 Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) Fig 1: Gearing ratio Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) The gearing ratio increased considerably in the last 5 years. This in dicates that Severn Trent increasingly resorted to debt financing. The increase in the debt financing puts Severn Trent in a risky state, since higher the debt, higher the chance of insolvency, if the company is not able to finance the debt with the revenue (Jang and Namkung, 2009). This also indicates that the company has already resorted to huge amount of debt financing Severn Trent is in a highly leveraged position due to the presence of significant percentage of debt in its capital structure. Being in a highly leveraged position indicates that the company has a strong credit score otherwise the investors would not have taken Severn Trent into confidence (Kutner, Nachtsheim and Neter, 2004.). The highly leveraged position of Severn Trent also puts enormous pressure on the company to finance the debts. Fig 2: EBITDA Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) The EBITDA does not indicate a linear increasing trend or decreasing trend. It is a mixed trend of intermittent ups and down s. Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization are highest in year 2010, while it is lowest in the year 2009. The increasing trend in the EBITDA is an indication that the company is in a position to finance the interest payments quite efficiently (Miravete, 2003). Although the previous graphs already indicate that the company is already in a highly leveraged state. This means that although the EBITDA shows an increasing trend but the highly leveraged position of the company are putting severe pressure on the EBITDA due to the need to clear the interest payments (Pinhanez, 2001). Fig 3: FCFE Source: (Severn Trent Annual Report, 2013) The free cash flow to equity showing a constant negative trend for the past 4 years, which is a cause of concern. The negative value of the ratio indicates that the company has been suffering cash crunch for the past 4 years. This clearly indicates that the company faced trouble trying to clear the dividend for the equity holders (Stumpf , Dunbar and Mullen, 2001). This is because of the reason that the equity holders are paid only after clearing the expenses for reinvestment and debt repayment. The negative ratio of the free cash flow to the equity shareholders is a clear sign of the fact that the expense due to the reinvestment

Investigating Meaningful Teaching Essay Example for Free

Investigating Meaningful Teaching Essay Investigating Meaningful Teaching Daniel Bowen Grand Canyon University Special Education Foundation and Framework SPE-330 May 26, 2011 Investigating Meaningful Teaching Investigating what meaningful teaching is it is having teachers that are willing to teach to the whole student by having patience, compassion and developing a meaningful relationship with their students. Being a positive influence and having effective classroom management. An effective teacher is a teacher that wears many hats such as a coach, actor, cheerleader and friend. Having the ability to read their moods, body language, when and what may cause them to become frustrated. Also having a deep belief in each and every student has the ability to learn and achieve. In an interview with four teachers, two inclusion teachers and two self contain teachers was conducted. All four teachers were asked the same questions this being a summary of the results of that interview. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) In their opinions, what is necessary for a meaningful and worthwhile teaching and learning experience? All four teachers refer to having respect for each student and students having respect for them and being consistent in enforcing classroom rules. Maintain a set of routines so the students know what is expected of them each day. Know the laws that deal with Special Education. These laws are appt to change at any time. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) How is a meaningful learning experience for students related to the teachers philosophy of education? The teachers all feel in general that a meaningful education is synonymous with their philosophy. A student must be made to feel respected, valued, and to feel safe in the classroom. Discipline is as necessary as the text without it the learning process cannot be achieved. Each teacher believed that having the understanding that each student will learn on deferent levels and different ways. It was part of their philosophy to discover the uniqueness of every student. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) Why did you want to become teachers? Why do you continue teaching? The first part of this question is generic. They all were influence by a teacher or more than one teacher as they were growing up. The second part was a little different with each teacher. In general the challenge they face every day. Having a child all of a sodden come alive. They begin to grasp the math or reading at their level seeing the excitement in their eyes when a door opens for them that once was closed. The small rewards everyday is what kept them in the classroom. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) What are two or three of their most rewarding teaching experiences? Their most challenging? Two of the teachers stated that their most rewarding experience was in having a past student call them up with an invitation to their graduation. These students stating that they would not have made it through school if these two teachers did not believe in them from the start. The others where when they observed there student achieve the understanding of basic math without a calculator and one learning how to write their name for the first time at the age of thirteen. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) What changes would they like to make in teaching? Why? They all agreed that the change they would make would be Standardize testing the F-cat (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test). The teachers have to teach the test and not what the student truly need to be successful in the classroom. They state the biggest problem with this test is that the government is trying to outsmart the student. It is believed that they design the test to make the students to fail. One example was given were a student was a straight â€Å"A† students her whole life all through elementary, middle and high school. She took the F-cat so she could graduate and failed. She could not graduate with her class. They feel the test is not fare to student with or without learning disabilities. The changes they all agreed with was to completely do away with the F-cat and much of the paper work and go back to letting teachers teach. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) The reason I want to become a teacher is the total opposite of the teachers interviewed. I never had a teacher that left a lasting impression on my life. I had no on to mentor me as I chose to become a teacher. I became a teacher because after a few industrial accidents left me unable do anything physical for a very long time. While I was looking for something I could do. A bus driving passion came open. So I became a bus driver. As I was driving the position of a substitute teacher open I became a substitute teacher because it paid two dollars more an hour. That was as a substitute teacher that and working with the student that made me decided to become a teacher full time. Watching students struggle with their work, being able to show them how to do it correctly, and having the opportunity to see the â€Å"ahh† factor. Being able to help students learn and see them as they learned is one of the greatest experiences I had in my life time. The decision to become a Special education teacher came a little later. It was the same as when I decided to become a teacher. It was having that one on one with the student. Being able to teach a class with children that were diagnose with Downs, Autistics, Mental Retardation and the list grows. I feel in love with these children and discovered the real need for teacher in this area. This is the reason I decided to join the ranks of Special Education teachers. Through the interview I discovered an even stronger desire to become a Special Education teacher. Through these teachers interview help to enforce what I already knew. Each student is a unique individual. Having different personalities, weakness, strengths, and learning styles. This becoming one of the greatest challenges is unlocking each student mind helping them to discover knowledge. References Grand Canyon University. Syllabus module 2 (n. d. ). http://angel103. gcu. edu/section/default. asp? id=835810

Crohns Disease And Modulen IBD

Crohns Disease And Modulen IBD Crohns disease and Modulen IBD Crohns disease is a chronic disease associated with inflammations of the digestive tract. However, most often the lower part of the intestine (the ileum) is affected. Crohns disease is characterized by periods of remission and exacerbations. Currently, there is no remedy for Crohns disease; inducing and maintaining remission of disease activity, addressing complications and correcting malnutrition are the most predominant objectives of treatment. Nestles Modulen IBD is especially composed for patients with Crohns disease. Modulen IBD is a casein-based formula that is rich in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B2). This nutritionally complete polymeric formula can be given either by the nasogastric route or orally as the sole source of nutrition or as a supplement. According to Nestle, Modulen IBD is suitable for patients over five years of age and can be reconstituted to a variety of caloric densities. Evaluation of Modulen IBD based on evidence in literature Both corticosteroids as enteral nutrition (EN) are used in the treatment of Crohns disease. However, the effectiveness of EN compared to the use of conventional steroids is controversial. Both the effectiveness of exclusive EN therapy as primary therapy to induce remission in Crohns disease as well as the efficacy of EN for the maintenance of remission in Crohns disease are recently evaluated. In a Cochrane meta-analysis of six trails including 192 patients in the EN group and 160 patients in the steroid group, it was concluded that EN can induce remission of active Crohns disease. However, this effect was found to be inferior to steroids. These findings are in line with past meta-analyses. In contrary, it is indicated that the effectiveness of EN diverges between adults and children; two pediatric trials (of which one was an abstract) with a total of 58 patients and a previous meta-analysis with 147 children demonstrated that EN equals the efficacy of steroids in the induction of remission in pediatric Crohns disease. Moreover, no dissimilarities in the effectiveness of elemental nutrition and non-elemental nutrition can be found based on 10 trials including 344 patients. A recent review of Akobeng and Thomas (2007) showed that supplementary EN can be effective for maintenance of remission in Crohns disease. Data is based on two recent randomized clinical trials, however, sample sizes were too small to provide statistical power. Recommendations It is strongly indicated that steroids are more effective in inducing remission in Crohns disease compared to EN. Additionally, compliance might be less for exclusive nutritional intervention compared to the use of steroids; several studies demonstrated a higher withdrawal rate in patients that were treated with EN compared to patients receiving steroids. Nonetheless, the use of steroids as a first line treatment in children should be carefully considered for several reasons. First, it is shown that EN in children is equally effective as steroids in the induction of remission. Moreover, the use of steroids is often associated with side effects in children such as impaired growth and bone mineral density [1; 3]; the use of EN is regarded as safe. A long-term randomized pediatric trial of 37 patients demonstrated that withdrawal rates were comparable in the group of children receiving EN as well as in the group receiving steroid treatment; withdrawal rates in the EN group were even inf erior to those observed in adult studies. Accordingly, it is recommended to use EN to induce clinical remission in the growing child suffering from Crohns disease. Additionally, adults can be treated with EN as an alternative for conventional steroid use if they suffer from intolerances to steroids or if they (strongly) denote to prefer the use of EN above steroids. Since it is suggested that elemental and non-elemental diets are equally effective, it is advisable to treat patients with a polymeric diet such as Modulen IBD since polymeric diets have a higher palatability and compliance is expected to be improved. Although the current evidence suggests that supplementary EN may be effective for maintenance of remission in Crohns disease, evidence is not indisputable and it is indicated that more research is needed to confirm these findings. Furthermore, studies should be performed to elucidate the daily amount of EN required to maintain clinical remission in Crohns disease patients as well as the cost-effectiveness of supplementation as the impact on the quality of life for the patient. Moreover, the compliance of supplementation is expected to be low since the end-point for patients is unclear. In conclusion, EN is advisable in children during a remission to avoid steroid side-effects such as an impaired growth and development. In special cases, Modulen IBD can be prescribed to adults. For the time being, Modulen IBD supplementation for the maintenance of remission is not advised. The additional benefits for mucosal healing, growth, nutritional status and quality of life strengthens the argument for considering its use as primary therapy. Kosten, Compliance. polymeric nutrition is more palatable than elemental nutrition; polymeric diets are less expensive and more palatable than elemental diets, and therefore it would seem reasonable to suggest that there is no place for the elemental diet. Improvement quality of life? Improvement nutritional status? Module ibd is a naturally complete powdered feed, designed to meet the specific nutritional needs of people with Crohns disease. It is free from gluten, lactose and is suitable for vegetarians. EN by means of a polymeric diet can be given via the nasogastric or per oral route. Module IBD is designed for patients with Crohns disease, can be used as the sole source iof nutrition or as an oral supplement. The specific polymeric diet selected was a highly palatable, casein-based formula rich in TGF-B2 (transforming growth factor) which can be taken by mouth. Crohns disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. Crohns disease frequently occurs in the lower part of the small intestine (the ileum), however, it can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth tot the anus. Crohns disease is a cgronic relapsing consition with a high morbidity. There is no cure for Crohns disease. Treatment is aomed at inducing and maintaining remission of disease activity, correcting malnutrition, addressing complications, and thereby improving the quality of life of patients. The relative merits of corticosteroids and enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohns disease remains an area of controversy. There was a cumulative withdrawal rate of 26% in those receiving enteral nutrition compared to zero in the steroid group. .. there was a 39% withdrawal rate in the enteral group compared to only 9% in the steroid group. In the pediatric study, the majority took the feed orally, but if they failed adequate oral consumption, NG feeds were administered (in 23.5% of subjects). The withdrawal rates were similar in both the neteral nutrition (10.5%) as in the steroid arm (11.1%). The mild active subjects were allowed to take the feeds orally, while those with moderate to severe disease received the diet nasogastrically. Although polymeric diets are more palatable, failure can occur if inadequate oral administration occurs, and the nasogastric route should then be used to optimize compliance and effectiveness. Although exclusion of a normal diet/and or the nasogastric route of administration mey be viewed as barriers to enteral nutritional therapy, even young children can learn to insert the tube for overnight feeds. may suggest that the benefits of enteral nutrition differ between adults and children. Although the majority of data suggests that patients treated with corticosteroids more often achieve clinical remission, it is well established that corticosteroids fail to induce mucosal healing. Studies demonstrate a substantial higher drop-out rate for continuing enteral nutritional theraphy, whether given orally or by overnight nasogastric intubation. Enteral nutrition has important growth and developmental benefits and continues to be a recommended therapy for children with Crohns disease. The sample sizes of both included studies were small and the studies lacked statistical power. It is therefore difficult to draw any definite conclusions from these data. Future studies should be well-powered and should also investigate the amount of enteral nutritional supplements that will produce optimal benefits. These studies should also assess cost-effectiveness and the impact of supplementation on patientsquality of life. The optimal daily amount of enteral nutrition that needs to be consumed is unknown. In individual cases, EN can be provided to adults: steroid intolerance, patient refusal of steroids or undernourished individuals. Treatment can take 4-8 weeks, depending on the patients characteristics.

The Present State Of Neutrino Masses :: essays research papers

One of the current questions in physics is whether or not neutrinos have mass and what this mass is. Neutrinos are subatomic particles that have no electrical charge and interact only via the weak nuclear force. They are products of radioactive decay processes, and thus are produced abundantly in our Sun, our atmosphere, and in other astrophysical sources such as supernovae and active galactic nuclei. Millions and millions of them are crossing through the Earth every second, but only very few of them will interact with the Earth. In practice you can say they are invisible. But fortunately we can detect them by building a very large detector and waiting long enough. There are several reasons to search for a possible non-zero neutrino mass. Fermion masses in general are one of the major mysteries/problems of the standard model. Observation or nonobservation of the neutrino masses could introduce a useful new perspective on the subject. Nonzero neutrino masses are predicted in most extensions of the standard model. They therefore constitute a powerful probe of new physics. Also, there may be a hot dark matter component to the universe. If so, neutrinos would be (one of) the most important things in the universe. The observed spectral distortion and deficit of solar neutrinos is most easily accounted for by the oscillations/conversions of a massive neutrino. The largest neutrino detector is the Super-Kamiokande and is located in the Kamioka Mine, about 200 km north of Tokyo. It is water cerenkov detector, which means it is a large (40 meters diameter by 40 meters tall) tank of ultra-pure water viewed by thousands of sensitive phototubes. Super-Kamiokande will address some of the most important open questions in physics today, such as: why does the Sun appear to produce only half as many neutrinos as theory would predict? Do neutrinos have mass? Do protons decay, as predicted by Grand Unification Theory? One source of neutrinos are nuclear reactions. Inside our Sun nuclear reactions are occurring on a gigantic scale. Lots of neutrinos are produced. There are enough of them, that when they reach the Earth they can still be detected. Since physicists can calculate how many of them should be seen, there is a big problem because we see too few, roughly two times too few. This is so called the solar neutrino problem. There can be several solutions to the puzzle. One is that we do not understand the Sun well enough.

Aztec Economy and Beliefs :: essays research papers

Aztec economy flourished so well mainly because of their intricate religious beliefs. Their belief in many different gods, complex rituals, and an odd brand of warfare, all lead up to an flourishing economy because they all required so many different artisans and materials. In Aztec society, a merchant was a man above everyone else. By the 1500’s they rivaled the wealth of nobility. The Aztecs believed that in order to keep the gods happy, they had to build great pyramids, do many rituals, and sacrifice people to appease the gods. The building of these enormous pyramids took thousands of thousands of men and supplies. Those supplies had to be dug up and bought from every person possible. The building of such pyramids also employed skilled artisans to carve the temples into shape, and to carve words and symbols inside the pyramid. The temples also required skilled painters and recorders to paint and inscribe inside the temple. The employment of these artisans ensured that they would have work to do and money in their pocket. Aztec merchants were called pochtecas. They served not only as merchants, but as spies for the priests and king. This required them to go very far to spy on other tribes. When they came back they could come with things and idea’s the people had never imagined. This brought the edges of the world that much closer to the Aztecs simply because believed that their merchants should spy on other tribes to see what kinds of gods they are worshiping. The Aztecs religiously used a great amount of obsidian, a volcanic rock that looked like dark glass, for all walks of life. They used it in warfare to weaken the opponents rather then kill them, so their opponent could then be offered to the gods. They used it for priests as religious necklaces. Finally the used it for knives to cut open their sacrificial victims to offer their hearts to the gods. Obsidian was considered very rare at first but the mass usage of it gave hundreds of skilled artisans the jobs to make things out of it. Aztec Economy and Beliefs :: essays research papers Aztec economy flourished so well mainly because of their intricate religious beliefs. Their belief in many different gods, complex rituals, and an odd brand of warfare, all lead up to an flourishing economy because they all required so many different artisans and materials. In Aztec society, a merchant was a man above everyone else. By the 1500’s they rivaled the wealth of nobility. The Aztecs believed that in order to keep the gods happy, they had to build great pyramids, do many rituals, and sacrifice people to appease the gods. The building of these enormous pyramids took thousands of thousands of men and supplies. Those supplies had to be dug up and bought from every person possible. The building of such pyramids also employed skilled artisans to carve the temples into shape, and to carve words and symbols inside the pyramid. The temples also required skilled painters and recorders to paint and inscribe inside the temple. The employment of these artisans ensured that they would have work to do and money in their pocket. Aztec merchants were called pochtecas. They served not only as merchants, but as spies for the priests and king. This required them to go very far to spy on other tribes. When they came back they could come with things and idea’s the people had never imagined. This brought the edges of the world that much closer to the Aztecs simply because believed that their merchants should spy on other tribes to see what kinds of gods they are worshiping. The Aztecs religiously used a great amount of obsidian, a volcanic rock that looked like dark glass, for all walks of life. They used it in warfare to weaken the opponents rather then kill them, so their opponent could then be offered to the gods. They used it for priests as religious necklaces. Finally the used it for knives to cut open their sacrificial victims to offer their hearts to the gods. Obsidian was considered very rare at first but the mass usage of it gave hundreds of skilled artisans the jobs to make things out of it.

Electronic Security Essay -- Internet Technology Essays

Electronic Security Have you ever wondered what happens to your credit card number when it's sent through a "secure" server to Yahoo or Amazon? Have you ever wondered: Is my data safe? Unfortunately no activity on the Internet is private or secure. Anything stored on a home system is completely vulnerable to the outside world (unless of course the system is isolated from the Internet). Another thing to think about is the fact that any data on any type of disk can be salvaged. So if a corrupt disk is discarded, the data can be recovered with the right tools. The same is true with computer hard drives, flash memory, compact Disks etc... There are actually people who recover data for their income. These people usually don't discriminate against one customer or another they just extract the data and hand it to them on a silver platter. In the movie The Net Ms. Bennett (Sandra Bullock) works for a software company. She beta tests and de-bugs programs. She finds dangerous information that ultimately launches her into an epic battle against a group of terrorist hackers, the stakes: her life and identity. Could this really happen? In theory, someone's life could be screwed up and/or stolen. To gain control of a whole country's databases and networks would require a better-laid plan than the plot in the movie. In order to have access to secure national data; a very powerful decrypting program would be needed, as well as a way to cover up the point of ingress. Having a contact on the "inside" wouldn't hurt either. The movie plot seems a little far-fetched. World domination is not as easy as Hollywood makes it out to be. In the real world most network hacking is used to cover up secret events and information, which could pos... ...oice is to be careful with the information released to the public, forcing anyone who wishes harm to work for the information. Electronic security is a false notion, due to the fact that humans created the code or encryption in the first place. So other humans could also think up ways to break or modify other People's work. It is impossible to make a code so amazing that it is unbreakable. If it is invented by a human mind, it can be understood and used by another human mind, in time. Works Cited The Net. Screenplay by John Brancato, Michael Ferris. Dir. Irwin Winkler. Perf. Sandra Bullock, Ray McKinnon, Jeremy Northam. Columbia Pictures, Winkler Films. 1995. Holeton, Richard. Composing Cyberspace: Identity, community, and knowledge in the electronic age. New York, San Francisco, St. Louis: Stanford University, 1998 (Wolves of the plateau. 132-142)

Job Analysis Essay

A job analysis is a way to describe a job or the attributes needed to obtain the job (Spector, 2012). Different jobs need people with certain attributes; these attributes help the job be completed as necessary. A job analysis can help companies hire the right employees, and this creates a successful working environment. There are two different job analysis approaches; each approach focuses on different needs for a job. The first is the Job-Oriented approach; this approach describes the nature of the job, some job analysis, go into specific task (Spector, 2012). The second is the Person-oriented approach; this approach describes the specific attributes or characteristics needed to successfully do the job (Spector, 2012). This paper will conduct a job analysis for my preferred job using one of the job analysis methods and discuss how it could be used within an organization. Evaluate the reliability and validity of the job analysis. Evaluate different performance appraisal methods that might be applied to my chosen job and explain the various benefits and vulnerabilities of each performance appraisal method. Job Analysis: School Psychologist To analyze the job that I would dream to have I will be using both the Job-oriented approach and the person-oriented approach. I will be describing both the task and attributes a school psychologist needs. To start off with the job-oriented approach, which describes the jobs nature and specific tasks, I will describe what being a school psychologist is all about. School psychologists help children and youth succeed academically, socially, behaviorally, and emotionally. They collaborate with educators, parents, and other professionals to create safe, healthy, and supportive learning environments that strengthen connections between home, school, and the community for all students. School psychologists not only work with students but they also provide services for families, teachers, administrators, and the community. Job-Oriented Approach According to the National Associations of School Psychologist the following are tasks that school psychologist need to complete to be successful job. When it comes to students they Provide counseling, instruction, and mentoring for those struggling with social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Increase achievement by assessing barriers to learning and determining the best instructional strategies to improve learning. Promote wellness and resilience by reinforcing communication and social skills, problem solving, anger management, self-regulation, self-determination, and optimism. Enhance understanding and acceptance of diverse cultures and backgrounds. They also help out families by identifying and addressing learning and behavior problems that interfere with school success. Evaluate eligibility for special education services, support students’ social, emotional, and behavioral health, also teach parenting skills and enhance home–school collaboration, and make referrals and help coordinate community support services. School psychologist also provides a support for teachers by identifying and resolving academic barriers to learning. Design and implement student progress monitoring systems and academic and behavioral interventions. Support effective individualized instruction, create positive classroom environments, and motivate all students to engage in learning. School psychologist also give support to administrators by collecting and analyzing data related to school improvement, student outcomes, and accountability requirements. Implement school-wide prevention programs that help maintain positive school climates conducive to learning. Promote school policies and practices that ensure the safety of all students by reducing school violence, bullying, and harassment. Respond to crises by providing leadership, direct services, and coordination with needed community services. There are many tasks that come with being a school psychologist; they provide support for many different departments of a school, and take on tasks that are delicate. Person-Oriented Approach Person-oriented approach lists the characteristics and attributes needed to be a school psychologist. Since this job is very serious and deals with people’s mental and emotional health, the first and most important attribute is education. The job needs extensive knowledge of the field and practice before being able to qualify for this job. Other requirements are positive attitude, loving the job, loving to help people, and love psychology. They also have to be focused and responsible because if they aren’t an accident can occur. The person should also be able to keep their personal life and their job separate. If they cannot do this their job can affect their personal job or vise versa. From the job tasks these are the attributes that an individual has to have to be able to be successful at this job. Evaluation There are many job analysis types and not all are appropriate for the type of job application (Spector, 2012). Each has its limitations and advantages, and it works for different purposes. The reliability and validity of a job analysis can be questioned because the analysis is made by a person who is either doing the job or watching someone do it (Spector, 2012). The biggest thing that we do as human beings is judge, and judgment can make a job analysis not reliable or valid. In this case I am not a school psychologist, and I am actually reading about the job, my judgment can have a big impact on the job analysis. Validity and reliability are questionable madder but as quoted â€Å"In general, results suggest that different people’s ratings of jobs are often reasonably reliable. In other words, there will be a relatively high correlation among different people’s ratings of the same job for at least some job analysis methods (Spector, 2013 p. 72-73). † In other words some job analysis methods may have the same ratings for certain jobs. Appraisals in the work place can be very time consuming for supervisors but it has a good outcome, appraisals create a better performance in the work place. When someone is appraised for their good work they get satisfaction, and that’s something they want to keep receiving so they keep up the good work. For my chosen job I think that appraisals should be given, because a school psychologist makes people feel good and therefore they should get appraisal to feel good about what they are doing. Conclusion Becoming a school psychologist you have to have a lot of qualifications and characteristics that will make you successful at this job, and making sure that you know what it takes and if you are qualified for the job can be determined by a job analysis. There are many methods to conduct a job analysis, you can use the job-oriented approach or the person-oriented approach, only two of the many. These types of analysis can explain if you are right for a job. This paper conducted a job analysis for a school psychologist job by using both job-oriented and person-oriented approach and discussed how it could be used within an organization. Evaluated the reliability and validity of the job analysis. Evaluated different performance appraisal methods that might be applied to my school psychologist job and explain the various benefits and vulnerabilities of each performance appraisal method.

Raphael

Raphael Visual analysis assignment, discussing Raphael and the fresco, The School of Athens, (1510-1511). It measures 5. 79 x 8. Mom and is housed in The Stanza Della Signature, Vatican, Rome. Rafael Sansei or Saint (1483 – died Rome 1520) was a major art figure in the age of the Renaissance. He was â€Å"one of the greatest portrait artists of all time and one of the greatest painters of classical figure groups†l Gerard El grand in his studies of Renaissance Art agrees with this statement. â€Å"He helped to define the Italian High Renaissance. † 2 Repeal's artistic education began early.His father Giovanni Saint was a painter in the Montenegro court. Raphael in subsequent years trained as a painter and gradually surpassed his teachers. Raphael was possibly a student of Perusing as their painting style was very similar but as Raphael progressed in his studies; his compositions superseded his teacher's works. â€Å"He surpasses his influential mentor Perusing in the ren dering of tender yet powerful beauty. † 4 It was in 1508 that Raphael was summoned by Pope Julius II to work for the Vatican and it is where Raphael created the monumental work, School of Athens. In 1508 Raphael was summoned by Pope Julius II to work for the Vatican, where he produced his elaborate frescoes and established his own workshop. â€Å"5 The age of the Renaissance needs to be understood in order to study and comprehend the School of Athens fresco and its underlying meanings. The ideas and knowledge of Ancient Greece were of paramount importance at this time especially in regards to the practice of art. â€Å"It was an era when ancient practices were given a new birth. The name Renaissance was commonly used as well as other definitions, renovation and restitution.This also explains why the artists saw themselves as revolutionaries. They saw their own potential; they had a desire to exist. It was a remarkable feat of self assertion. â€Å"6 The humanist ideology an d followers of this movement helped to reinvent Classical Greek culture. Patriarch was the most famous of the humanists and was the first to put forward the idea of returning to Classical Antiquity. â€Å"That this return could only be a new beginning and not simply a matter of blind faith. â€Å"l The humanists were involved in translating ancient texts, such as Plat's Times and Aristotle Mechanical Ethics. â€Å"They also wanted to reconcile Platonism with a well assimilated Aristotelian but also with the three main religions Christianity, Judaism and Islam. 3 These rediscovered ancient texts â€Å"could restore man to a place in a cosmos that was ordered differently from the Aristotelian cosmos†. 4 Humanism and its influence transformed the Renaissance artists' practice, their methods of painting and the subjects expressed. â€Å"The ideas of the Ancient Greeks transformed the fields of philology, medicine and theology. 5 The reinterpretation of the sciences, mathemati cs and physics can be seen with the new developments in painting at this time. â€Å"To talk about ‘renaissance art' is to talk first and foremost about the broader cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance itself. 6 The Renaissance was not a time whereby the ideals of Classical Greece were Just regurgitated. It was â€Å"the imitation of antiquity which must not be interpreted as a rigid concept. â€Å"7 Certain inventions were being introduced in relation to painting during the Renaissance.Elegant gives a chronology of events in relation to the theory of perspective. 8 â€Å"In 1300 Ghetto introduced elementary rational perspective. It is legend that Ghetto drew freehand a perfect circle, firmly establishing the art of draftsmanship even though he had no grasp of mathematical science underlying it. In the 1330 and 1400 artists came aware of measurement, using guide marks to help paint the surface of the walls for frescoes. In 1342 – 4, Imbroglio Lorgnette understood the near approximation and definition of a vanishing point.It was also understood that the ancients had developed some kind of systematic perspective method, (at least in stage design). In 1425 Brucellosis ‘peepshows' demonstrated the possibility of exact coincidence of natural vision and pictorial vision in a determined space. In 1435-6, painting could be defined as a kind of window circumscribing the intersection of a flat surface with the pyramid of visual rays. In 1450 experiments in Ariel respective by Flemish painters created recession in landscape backgrounds through a series of increasingly cool and pale color zones.During 1450 – 60, there was evidence of a mixed perspective system sometimes bifocal in appearance, sometimes in separate planes, sometimes legitimate but usually based on complex calculation. In 1498 the manuscript On Divine Proportion by Luck Piccalilli was published. Historians have suggested that the diagrams within this manuscript are attributab le to Leonardo dad Vinci. â€Å"l The knowledge gained by artists through these new principles of mathematics and physics were integral in their understanding of the satirical space. The application of perspective was no longer a rudimentary affair but based on legitimate constructs according to certain laws which led to recognition of pictorial space. â€Å"2 Renaissance artists rediscovered human anatomy with the study of Classical Greek and Roman statuary. â€Å"To reproduce the third dimension of space and life of the figures by representing mass in terms of perspective, this optical realism in relation to the material world with correspondingly tonal realism. The pictorial space required the construction of perspective called oceanography which rejected the undefined representation of space in Byzantine and medieval frescoes.Based on the idea that space was homogeneous, it was conceived of as axial and could be applied to a flat surface, devised by theoreticians of art, it a imed to be natural before becoming artificial that is to say based on geometry. â€Å"3 Valley Reese describes the fresco School of Athens as â€Å"sumptuous, a vibrant and vivid intellectual scene. It has vaulted architecture, three Greek arches leading to the beautiful sky beyond. Raphael has put great effort into the space of this painting. There are echoes of the pantheon structure. The edifice is a large space and is placed in genuine antique style. 4 Wisped states that â€Å"The architecture contains roman elements but the general semi circular setting having Plato and Aristotle at its centre might be alluding to Pythagoras circumspect† 5 Jill Grayer comments that Raphael â€Å"deliberately romanticists Greek space. That he intellectualized it for a purpose. It echoes or imitates the grandest buildings in Rome the golden house of Nero' and it makes references to famous paintings. It does not represent a type of pagan worship but has a rhetorical importance. It is rhe torical fantasy. L Elegant also comments on the paintings mythical capacity. It was not a time of illusion, if myth did come into it, it was defining vital myth. â€Å"2 The Renaissance can be defined by its difference to the previous historical era, The Middle Ages. Elegant states that the â€Å"The Middle Ages was an era entirely steeped in darkness followed by the radiant dawn of the Renaissance. Although the eminent art critic, John Risking saw the Renaissance as no more than the decline of the middle ages and having at its core puritanical origins. â€Å"3 John Risking was not alone in this view as Elegant states that the Nazarene painters ND the Pre-Reappraises also saw the Renaissance in this way.In the 13th Century, the artist Ghetto represented life and used painting methods that differed from the religious art of the Middle Ages. â€Å"He still presented his figures as in a frieze but he was interested in the different contours and relief of the face and delineated the se. He introduced the everyday life into tragic or fantastical scenes not so much as the coded legend as the active life of the legendary beings depicted. â€Å"4 Elegant emphasizes the difference between these two periods of history. â€Å"The Middle Ages was â€Å"stuck in a rut of using tired old Byzantine motifs.Tuscany was virtually a cemetery of classical ruins. The Renaissance was a time when painting broke free from religious decoration. Its purpose was to no longer educate or to elicit an emotional response from the faithful but to make them participate, through their own personal experiences, in a reconfiguration of sacred history. â€Å"5 Jeanie Anderson acknowledges that religious themes still played a major role in art, during the Renaissance. â€Å"Religious art remained the most important subject matter in the Renaissance as it had been in medieval art, but now portraits and stories fromClassical Antiquity were introduced into the artists' repertoire. â€Å"6 El egant also states â€Å"that this was a time when old theoretical frameworks were demolished when the Christian universe, a strained compromise between Ptolemaic astronomy, Aristotelian cosmology and the literal teachings of the bible collapsed. † 1 The fresco School of Athens was housed in the public library of Pope Julius II. It had been a tradition during this time of the Renaissance to divide books into subjects and classification. The books in the library were divided between subjects such as philosophy, law, poetry, and theology.These books were housed underneath the frescoes. â€Å"The image above would reflect the range of books underneath. It was known that Pope Julius II used or read very few philosophical books and only read law and theology. â€Å"2 Angier Hobbs comments that â€Å"the Christian religion is taking into account and adheres to the religious and philosophical thought of the past and embraces it. † Melvyn Bragg states that â€Å"the truth is sought by philosophy and found by theology and kept by religion. â€Å"4 This painting was an expression of the time. It denounces authoritarian dogma and all religions and philosophies are being abated. They are influencing each other, a spirit of curiosity which was constantly active. The classical world chimed with a new sensibility one which was totally free of dogma. There was a lack of distinctive Judgment during this time and the opening up of thought. â€Å"5 In Repeal's painting School of Athens, the figures are identified as having different ideas. â€Å"An energetic debate is being practiced and the scholars are discussing law, astronomy, physics, philosophy, theology, mathematics, and poetry including music. â€Å"6 The Vatican library consisted of classical references, and it protected Greek culture.It was a refuge of Greek learning, as the scholars of Classical Greece had been forgotten in the intervening years before the Renaissance. â€Å"7 Jill Grayer discusse s the figures in the painting, School of Athens. â€Å"Hypoxia, a Greek Manipulations philosopher in Roman Egypt can be seen and Heron of Alexandria represents an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer. Penalties, a stoic philosopher represents poetry and Diatom of Matinee is a female philosopher who plays an important role in Plat's Symposium. She is giving Socrates the teaching of love.It is unusual to have women centrally viewed and to be given such status. Inspirational poets and painters are depicted. Euclid is represented and there are great Christian philosophers, theologians and on the other side of the room are poets and lawyers. The central main figures in the painting are of Aristotle and Plato. Plato is pointing to the sky and Aristotle is pointing towards the ground. Egyptians are personified, as well as Zoroaster who was before the time of Abraham's teachings. Statues of Greek gods are seen on either side, Apollo and Athena.Classical, pagan, Renaissance scholars and religious leaders are represented. In this painting we have the cream of intellectual thought. There is a harmonious aspect to this world as conflict is left out of the frame. (Who is better than another? ) There are plenty of philosophers not paying attention to Plato and Aristotle. It has the complexity of intellectual thought and represents the time. â€Å"l Herbert Read in his book The Meaning of Art reinforces this idea. The Renaissance was a time â€Å"where minds were consumed by intellectual curiosity. 2 Wisped suggests that â€Å"nearly every Greek philosopher can be found within the painting but determining which are depicted is difficult since Raphael made no designations outside possible likenesses and no anthropometry documents to explain the painting. Raphael had to invent a system of iconography to allude to various figures for whom there were no traditional visual types. The identities of some of the philosophers in the picture such as Plato or Aristotle are unde niable. Beyond that identification of Repeal's figures have always been hypothetical. 3 Jill Grayer states that â€Å"not a lot of people knew about Greek architecture. â€Å"4 She goes on to say that â€Å"he would not have known these texts†¦ Plato and Aristotle. He was only interested in basic knowledge of tradition. He was not a scholar but a painter. There was no evidence that Raphael had a formal education, or knowledge of Plato and Aristotle philosophy. â€Å"l Although Jill Grayer later mentions that these ideas would have been talked about and debated continuously during the â€Å"Raphael had moved to Florence in 1504 and then to Rome in about Renaissance. 1508. Both cities were major centers for High Renaissance Art.Other artists who worked in Florence were Botanical and Michelangelo and they all relied heavily on strong draftsmanship. Drawing was the basis of their paintings which is confirmed by present day x- ray bibliographic analysis which shows strong drawi ng beneath the minted surfaces†2 It was said by one of his friends, Elegant states, that it was â€Å"Repeal's greatest Joy to be taught and to teach. â€Å"3 With such changes and developments in painting and knowledge being disseminated it is unlikely that Raphael would not have been influenced by these new inventions and new discussions.Giorgio Vassar who was a close friend and contemporary of Raphael claims that he was ‘angel like'. â€Å"Raphael was modest and good. Gentle and always ready to conciliate, he was considerate of everyone. â€Å"4 Herman J Heckler introduces Vassar as a man who knew and admired Raphael. â€Å"He writes with an assurance of a an he knew, respected and loved. â€Å"5 Although Elegant states that such a description is disappointing and uninteresting. Vassar describes him like a professor. â€Å"6 Artists during the Renaissance were perceived as heroic and were Just as important as statesmen, 7 so Vicar's comments were not wrong or m ade out of context.

“Nettles” by Vernon Scannell Essay

Nettles” by poet Vernon Scannell is a reflective poem based on the poet trying to protect his son from hurting himself in a nettle bed. I found this poem very emotional and touching and this is mainly why I chose to write about it. The poet reflects on his own experience to prove his point of view, and he achieves this, and I indent to analyse what point he is trying to convey in this poem. The poem is set in the poetÂ’s own garden, with the nettles hidden out of sight behind the shed. The young child (the poetÂ’s son) falls into the nettle bed, which causes him to cry as it hurt him. This poem is extremely effective as it means a lot more than just a boy falling into nettles. The message that the poet has expressed in this poem is that parents canÂ’t always protect there children no mater how hard they try. Also, it is very emotional, about the fatherÂ’s feelings for his son, which makes the poem very dramatical and more effective. The use of imagery in the poem effectively helps the poet get his message across. The poet uses different techniques to make the poem more interesting and seem more realistic. This helps us imagine the scene clearly and creates an atmosphere. “That regiment of spite behind the shed. It was no place for rest”The strong word “spite” emphasises how much malicious the nettles are, that they have a strong desire to hurt someone, in this case the young boy. Saying a “regiment of spite” links to battle, and the fact these nettles want to cause harm and pain, they are linked to war, as though they are soldiers. They are behind the shed, and this gives us thoughts on how sly they are. They lurk out of sight, and wait to attack. This tells us how merciless they are, rule and harmful. “No place for rest” is a very effective phrase to use here, as it is a nettle bed. “Bed” is associated with sleeping, resting and comfort, and to say nettle “bed” seems curious to the poet, as nettles are associated with nothing but pain discomfort and suffering. The poet clearly feels this is no place for sleeping or resting. “Went outside and slashed in fury with it, till not a nettle in that fierce  parade stood upright anymore.”The use of personification effectively illustrates the poetÂ’s message. We can clearly tell the poet is furious with the nettles, for hurting his child, as the words “slashed in fury” tell us this. “Fury” is a very strong word, and emphasizes how angry he feels. “Slashed” also suggest how fast he acts, and used with the words fury creates a sense of hatred towards the nettles, and we can imagine why. The nettles hear are described as a vicious army, the father seeks revenge on them, and clearly gains it as it is followed with “stood upright anymore”. This is like an army being defeated, lying dead on the ground, no longer standing tall. “But in two weeks the busy sun and rain had called up tall recruits behind the shed.”The poet has used metaphors in the poem to illustrate his message. Yet again, the nettles are referred to as though they are an army, and they have been called up to fight in a war. The fact they are described as “tall” makes them seem stronger, bolder and intimidating, the poet is trying to create an image of these nettles leering over the child. Also, they are concealed behind the shed, making them seem sly and cunning, ready to sneak out and hurt the boy when he least expects it. Therefore, the nettles have a much better advantage than him, so he will be much likely to be hurt again. Word choice is an important feature in this poem, as it helps us understand the poetÂ’s message. The poet cleverly uses words so we understand his message. This is very effective. Here is an example of word choice. “White blisters beaded on his tender skin”The poet has used efficient adjectives to describe the boyÂ’s skin. “White blisters” gives thoughts of pain. It makes us think of pain and suffering, which is good as that, is what the young boy feels. It is also tells us how young and vulnerable the child is, because “tender” suggests this. It also suggests how innocent and young he is, that he needs to be protected from the vicious nettles. Also, “blisters beaded”, tells us that the boy may be scared for life. This is a terrible experience for the boy and his father, and blisters could scar him, a reminder of this event. After the poet destroys the nettle bed he decides to set fire to them:“A funeral pyre to burn the fallen dead”This is very dramatic as it is a huge fire to burn dead people, or nettles in this case. He wants to burn the dead, because they harmed his son. This phrase is very effective is make us think of death and funerals, which is usually depressing, and nettles are depressing and harmful. Fallen dead is saying the nettles have finally been defeated, and are fell down. They are described as though they are humans, or solders dying. The poetÂ’s message is that you canÂ’t always protect your children. He has used an experience he and his son with the nettles to show this, because its tells us that he tried to protect his son, but in the last line of the poem, he said “my son would often fell sharp wounds again” which tells us his son is going to get harmed, no mater how hard he trys to protect him. In conclusion, nettle’s is a fantastic poem, which tells us about the poetÂ’s feelings, and him trying to protect his son. I have enjoyed this poem, because it is very effective and interesting.

Problems and the Structure of the Play Shaws Pygmalion

Problems and the structure of the play Shaws Pygmalion All the pieces show corresponds to an important claim brought Brecht contemporary theater, namely: the theater should strive â€Å"to depict the nature man as modifiable and depends on the class Amenities â€Å"[1]. far as Shaw was interested in us the character and social status, particularly evidenced by the fact that a radical restructuring of the character he made even the main theme of the play â€Å"Pygmalion†.After the exceptional success play and made it to the musical â€Å"My Fair Lady† story of Eliza was converted by Higgins Professor of Phonetics of street girls in fashionable lady, today, perhaps better known than the Greek myth. Pygmalion was a fabulous king of Cyprus, fell in love with the mess it created statue of a girl, which subsequently married after the revitalization of Aphrodite at his urgent request. Clearly the intent which pursued Shaw, calling the name of a mythical king of the play. Nam e Pygmalion should recall that Eliza Doolittle was created by Alfred Higgins in the same manner as Galatea Pygmalion.Man created man-this is the lesson that, by his own admission Shaw, â€Å"intensively consciously didactic â€Å"play. This is the same lesson, which called Brecht, demanding that â€Å"the construction of one shape was carried out according to construction of another figure, because in life we are forming mutually friend another â€Å"[2]. Among literary critics, there is a perception that the play Shaw, more than play of other playwrights, promote certain political ideas. The doctrine of the mutability of human nature, and depending on the class Gear is nothing, as the doctrine of social eterminism of the individual. The play â€Å"Pygmalion† is a good handbook, which addresses the problem of determinism. Even the author himself considered it â€Å"an outstanding didactic play?. main problem, which show skillfully addresses in â€Å"Pygmalion† was the issue â€Å"Whether the person alter the substance?. This provision in the play is specified that the girl from the East End London with all the character traits of a street child, becomes a woman with character traits of ladies of high society To show how you can radically change a person, Shaw chose the transition from one extreme to another.If such a radical change in human possible in a relatively short time, the viewer must tell ourselves that if possible, and any other change in human beings. second important question of the play – how it affects the human life. What gives a person the correct pronunciation? Is it enough to learn how to say, to change the social situation? Here's what he thinks on this subject, Professor Higgins: ?But if you knew how interesting – take the man and by teaching him to speak otherwise than he spoke, so far, making it a very another, a new creature.After all, it means – to destroy the gap, which separates class from clas s and soul from the soul â€Å"[3]. as shown and repeatedly emphasizes in the play, dialect East London is incompatible with being a lady, as well as the language lady can fit in with the essence of a simple flower girl from the eastern district London. When Eliza had forgotten the language of his old world, for it was closed there traversals. Thus break with the past was final. Eliza herself in During the play is well aware of this. That's what she tellsPickering: ?Last night, when I roamed the streets, a girl spoke with me, I wanted her to answer as before, but I did not work â€Å"[4]. Bernard Shaw paid much attention to the problems of language. The play was a serious task: Shaw wanted to attract attention of the British public to the issues of phonetics. He advocated the creation of a new alphabet, which is more would correspond to the sounds of the English language than the existing, and which would facilitate the task of learning the language to children and foreigners. o t his problem Shaw repeatedly returned throughout his life, and according to his testament large sum was left to them to research designed to create a new English alphabet. These investigations still going on, and only a few years ago published a piece â€Å"Androkl and Lion†, printed marks a new alphabet, which was selected special committee of all the options proposed for the award. Shaw, perhaps the first to recognize the omnipotence of language in society, his exclusive social role, which indirectly in the same years, said psychoanalysis.That Shaw said this in a poster-didactic, but from the no less ironic, engrossing â€Å"Pygmalion. † Professor Higgins, albeit in their narrow specialty field, but still ahead of structuralism and post-structuralism, which in the second half of the century will make the idea of â€Å"discourse† and â€Å"totalitarian linguistic practices† of its central theme of [5]. In â€Å"Pygmalion† Shaw joined his two equall y exciting topics: the problem of social inequality and the problem of the classical English language. He believed that the social nature of man is expressed in various parts of the language: in phonetics, grammar, vocabulary.While Eliza emits such vowels as â€Å"aN – aN-aN – oy-oy†, she does not like correctly notes Higgins, no chance to get out of the street environment. Therefore all his efforts are focused on changing the sound of her speech. What grammar and vocabulary of the language of rights in this regard are not Equally important, demonstrates how the first major failure of both phonetician in their efforts to re-education. Although the vowel and consonant sounds Eliza excellent attempt to introduce her into society as a lady fails.Eliza's words: â€Å"And that's where her straw hat, new, which was I get one? Stolen! So I say, who stole his hat, he and his aunt bump off â€Å"[6] – even with perfect pronunciation and intonation are not Englis h for the ladies and gentlemen. Higgins acknowledges that Eliza along with the new phonetics must also learn new grammar and new Dictionary. And along with them and a new culture. But language is not the sole expression of a human being. The release of an appointment with Mrs. Higgins has a single mistake – Eliza not know what they say in the society in that language. Pickering also admitted that Eliza is not enough to possess inherent Lady pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. It must have develop in a typical lady interests. Until her heart and consciousness is filled with problems of its old world: the killing due to straw Hats and favorable effect of gin on the mood of her father – she could not be a lady, even if its language is indistinguishable from the language of a lady â€Å"[7]. One of the theses of the play states that human nature is determined set to the identity, linguistic relationships are only its part.In the play this thesis is concretized by the f act that Eliza, along with learn more language lessons and rules of conduct. Consequently, Higgins it explains not only how to speak the language of a lady, but, for example, how to use a handkerchief. If Eliza did not know how to use a handkerchief, and if it resists a bath, then any viewer should be clear that the change it also requires a substantive change in its everyday behavior. Extralinguistic relations between people of different classes so states the thesis, no less diverse than their speech in form and content. ombination of behavior, ie, form and content of speech, image opinions and thoughts, habitual behavior and typical responses Lyuda adapted to the conditions of their environment. Subjective and objective world being correspond to each other and mutually penetrate each other. From the author be costly dramatic means to convince each audience. Shaw found a means to systematically applying a kind of alienation effect, forcing his characters time from time to act in a foreign environment, to then step by step back them in their own environment, artfully creating initially false presentation about their real essence.Then it seems gradually and methodically changed. ?Exposition† character of Eliza in a foreign environment is the impact that it is ladies and gentlemen in the audience seems incomprehensible repulsive, ambiguous and strange. This impression is reinforced by reaction ladies and gentlemen on the stage. Thus, Shaw makes Mrs. Eynsford Hill visibly excited when she watches as unfamiliar florist in a chance encounter on the street calls her son Freddie as â€Å"my dear friend ?. ? The end of the first act is the beginning of â€Å"the process of re-education† biased audience.She seemed to be merely points to mitigating circumstances that must be taken into account when sentencing the defendant Eliza. Proof of innocence Eliza is given only in the next act through its transformation into a lady. Who really believed that Eliza wa s intrusive because of innate depravity or corruption, and who could not correctly interpret the description of the environment at the end of the first act to open the eyes self-confident and proud statement that has been turned Eliza â€Å"[8]. How carefully when re-education of their readers and viewers Shaw akes into account the biases can be confirmed by numerous examples. Widespread view of many wealthy gentlemen, as you know, lies in the fact that residents of the East End are to blame for their poverty, so as can not â€Å"save†. Although they, like Eliza to Covent Garden, a greedy for money, but only to ensure that as soon as possible again wastefully spend it on absolutely useless things. They did not thought to use the money wisely, for example, for professional education. Shaw seeks a bias, as did others, first strengthened.Eliza, barely having obtained some money, already allows himself go home by taxi. But immediately begins an explanation of this Eliza's relati onship to money. The next day, she hurries to spend it on own education. ?If a human being due to the environment and if the objective being and objective conditions are mutually consistent with each other, then transformation being possible only by replacing the medium or its change. This thesis in the play â€Å"Pygmalion† is specified so that the creation possibility of transformation of Eliza her completely isolated from the old world and transferred to a new â€Å"[9].As a first step of its plan of re Higgins manages about baths, in which Eliza is released from heritage of the East End. Old dress, the closest to the body of the old environment, not even put aside, and burned. Not the slightest particle of the old World Eliza should not bind him, seriously think about it transformation. To show this, Shaw has put in place another particularly instructive incident. At the end of the play, when Eliza, in all probability, already finally turned into a lady, suddenly appeari ng in her father.Unexpected there is a check, giving the answer to the question of whether human Higgins, considering Eliza's possible return to his former life: (In the middle window appears Doolittle. Throwing on Higgins reproachful and dignified look, he silently approaches his daughter, who sits with his back to the window and therefore does not see it. ) p> Pickering. He is incorrigible, Eliza. But you can go back, right? Eliza. No. No longer. I have learned my lesson well. Now I I can not make such sounds, as before, even if I wanted to. Doolittle behind places his hand on her shoulder. She drops her embroidery, looks around, and the sight of her father's splendor all its exposure immediately evaporates. ) Y y -y! Higgins (triumphantly). Aha! Here, here! Oo-oo–y! Oo-oo–y! Victory! Victory! â€Å"[10]. slight contact with only part of its old world makes low-key and seemingly ready to conduct a refined lady at some point again in a street child, who not only reac ts as before, but, to my surprise, again, may make, seemed to have forgotten the sounds of the street.Given careful underscore the influence of the environment the viewer could easily the false idea that if the characters in the world of heroes Shaw entirely amenable to limit the influence of the environment. To prevent this Show unwanted confusion with similar care and thoroughness introduced in his play counter-theses on the existence of natural abilities and their implications for the nature of an individual. It position is specified once in all four main characters of the play: Eliza, Higgins, Doolittle and Pickering. ?Pygmalion† – is a mockery of the fans of â€Å"blue blood† †¦ ach My play was a stone which I threw into the window of the Victorian being â€Å"[11] – so the author himself spoke about his play. For Shaw it was important to show that all the qualities of Elise, which she reveals how a lady can already be found in the flower-like n atural ability or the quality of that flower you can again be found in lady. Concept Shaw already contained in the description of the exterior of Eliza. After detailed characterization of its outward appearance says: ?Without a doubt, it is in their own clean, but next to the ladies strongly believe draggle-tail.Facial features her bad, but the skin condition leaves much to be desired, in addition, it is noticeable that she needs the services dentist â€Å"[12]. transformation Doolittle in a gentleman, just like his daughter in ladies should appear on the external process. Here is how to modified only by his natural ability because of his new social status. As a shareholder cheese Trust â€Å"Friend of the stomach and prominent speaker uonnafellerovskoy the World League of moral reform, he, in Indeed, even stayed in his present profession, which,Eliza's testimony, even before its social transformation was to extort money from other people, setting in motion his eloquence. But the most convincing argument for the presence of natural abilities and their importance for the creation of character is demonstrated by the example of couples Higgins Pickering. Both of their social status gentlemen, but with the difference that Pickering and his temperament gentleman, at the While Higgins prone to rudeness. Difference and similarity of both characters systematically demonstrated in their behavior towardsEliza. Higgins, from the outset is drawn to her rude, impolite, unceremoniously. In her presence, he spoke of her â€Å"silly girl†, â€Å"scarecrow? , â€Å"So irresistibly vulgar, so blatantly dirty, nasty, spoiled girl â€Å"and the like. He asks his housekeeper Eliza wrapped in newspaper and thrown into the dustbin. The only normal conversation with her is imperious form, but the preferred way to influence Eliza – a threat. Pickering, an innate gentleman, on the contrary, in the treatment of Eliza

History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

History and Political Science - Essay Example There were many factors at the end of the 19th century that saw a shift towards American Imperialism. Kennedy Cohen-Bailey in his book, The American Pageant outlines the period and covers the various aspects that led to the Great War of 1914 and America’s involvement. This article reviews the book under the following subheadings: The Spanish American war and the aftermath. The legacy of President Roosevelt and the effect of his presidency on America A comparison of the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. Taft and Wilson and who was the best among the three? The end of World War I and the decisive factors that lead to the end The Spanish American war and the Aftermath The US had for the most part of the 19th century strictly adhered to its non-colonization policies and even at the onset only acquired contiguous territories. Most of it was brought about by the need to expand the trade borders of the American people. America was linked in many ways to Cuba than just at the time of the war. Cuba was one of the major producers of sugar and major suppliers to the USA. The Wilson-Gorman tariff imposed on Cuba by America to protect the sugar growers in America invariably raised the price of sugar and the Cuban economy suffered as a result. The misrule by the Spanish of its colony in Cuba created a lot of unrest. The Cubans fought the 10year battle of independence from 1868 to 1878 and tried to drive the Spanish away by destruction of property including cane fields and blowing up of passenger trains. The situation peaked when Spain sent tyrant General Wyeley in 1895 to Cuba. Wyeley took it upon himself to crush the rebellion and opened up re-concentration camps, imprisoned and isolated the Cuban revolutionaries from the Filipino revolutionaries in their war of independence. Many perished and â€Å"died like dogs† (Bailey, 629). from unsanitary conditions in the camps. The American people rose against this atrocities to the Cubans and wanted war but the then president Grover Cleveland was against it and even motioned to strike against congress if they were to declare war against Spain and send troops to Cuba. This resolve however did not last very long as there were many other factors at stake than America was unwilling to admit to at that time. US also had a stake in the war because it was not really comfortable with having a European colony that close to its own borders. The unrest in Cuba was straining US trade relations in the region and threatening US investments in Cuba. There was also fear that its access to Panama would affect future sea trade routes. The anti-colonisation policies of the US went a long way in selling the concept of a free Cuba to the Americans. What cinched the deal however was the journalistic trend of the time, which focused more on justifying the concept of war. There started a spate of graphic imagery and reports of atrocities adding fuel to the situation and feeding the insatiable hunger of yellow journali sm. Eventually Wyeley was removed from his position and sent back home. In February 1988, the USS Maine, which was on a friendly mission to take Americans in Cuba to safety, blew up in the Havana harbour with the loss of 260 American lives. The cause for the explosion still remains unknown. Reports have even said that the blow up was due to mechanical failure and not a case of sabotage. But sensationalised news articles blamed the Spaniards for it and the fate of history was sealed, War had begun. President Mc Kinley forced by circumstances and party loyalty consented and under Theodore Roosevelt’s command of the military, the American’s over threw the Spanish from Tampa, Florida and gave armistice to the Cubans in August 12, 1898. The war was a forgone conclusion although not evident. Spain’

STATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING AND COMMUNICATION Essay

STATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING AND COMMUNICATION - Essay Example Environmental Analysis of Pfizer When looking at the challenges for Pfizer, it is important to look at the environment of the entire pharmaceutical industry. In the last few years, this industry has become as competitive as any other. Because of technological advances, the tighter controls that have been place on regulatory compliance and â€Å"volatile investor confidence† (Verbigena Consulting, n.d.) the pharmaceutical industry has become very competitive. There are many ways to understand how this has happened and its effect on specific companies in the industry. For this study this researcher has used the PEST (political, economic, social and technological) model. In this model, it is important to identify those issues that are a part of the environment that makes the pharmaceutical company meet the competition as well as meet the environment head on. In this way, they are able to analyse their competition to make sure that they are doing what is needed. Political analysis In looking at the pharmaceutical industry, it has become increasingly competitive because there has been an emphasis on healthcare all over the world. People are living longer and they have more access to alternative modalities of healthcare. Also, healthcare has become more expensive to the average consumer which as meant that there needs to be reform on all levels. Healthcare is not just an economic burden to an economy but it is also a social burden. This means that politics come into play when there needs to be reforms to promote social welfare (In the UK the National Healthcare Service debate over Medicare is one example). Economic Value The pharmaceutical industry is projected to increase in the future. Since 2003, there have been substantial increases because of â€Å"high value mergers and acquisitions† (Verbigena Consulting, p. 3.). Many analysts have projected that pharmaceutical stock would increase to 10.5% by 2010 which meant that sales would reach $500 billion. This is not unfathomable because our societies are ones that are dependant on drugs (both over the counter and prescription) for many ailments and to fight disease. Although a large majority of sales originate in the US, Japan and EU, 80% of sales are distributed over nine countries: â€Å"US, Japan, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Canada, Brazil and Spain† (Verbigena Consulting, p. 3). Sales are expected to increase as people age and healthcare is reformed. Social Value Everyone is concentrating on good health today. There are many articles across the Internet that tell people how to look better, how to lose weight, how to stop aging and more. Because of this, pharmaceutical companies have an area that is always growing. Global epidemics like AIDS or SARS have helped the pharmaceutical companies push for a cure and their search has created an opportunity in the media to follow their progress. This also means that the pharmaceutical companies have to keep good relations with the media, government and other organizations that can help them keep the world out that they are doing a good job. Technology Technology has improved over the years and science has been one of those improvements. The pharmaceutical companies have to keep up with the technological demands in all of the industries they participate within. Also, these companies have to spend more money on research and development so that their employees will become more innovative in producing their products. Legal The FDA and other legal